In an AC power system, the power factor is the ratio of real power consumed by the load to the apparent power flowing in the circuit. It is a measure of how effectively electrical power is utilized.
When devices such as motors operate, the real power consumed is often less than the apparent power (the product of RMS voltage and RMS current). This occurs due to inductive loads, such as coils, or capacitive loads within the equipment. These components generate reactive power, which oscillates between the load and the AC source without being consumed, resulting in a lower power factor.
In other words, a higher power factor indicates a more efficient use of electrical power. The power factor can be measured using a power factor meter or similar devices. In an ordinary household, the power factor is typically around 85%, while in facilities with high-voltage power receiving equipment (such as electrical substations or switchgear), it is typically maintained in the range of 90% to 99%.
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